£103.95

Description

Contents

List of Contributors xi Preface xv Section I: Background 1 Tools in fluvial geomorphology: problem statement and recent practice 3 G. Mathias Kondolf and Herve Piegay 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Tools and fluvial geomorphology: the terms 4 1.3 What is a tool in fluvial geomorphology? 4 1.4 Overview and trends of tools used in the field 9 1.5 Scope and organization of this book 9 Acknowledgements 11 References 11 Section II: The Temporal Framework: Dating and Assessing Geomorphological Trends 2 Surficial geological tools in fluvial geomorphology 15 Robert B. Jacobson, Jim E. O Connor and Takashi Oguchi 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Overview of surficial geological approaches 15 2.3 Applications of surficial geological approaches to geomorphic interpretation 27 2.4 Summary and conclusions 33 References 34 3 Archaeology and human artefacts 40 Anthony G. Brown, Francois Petit and L. Allen James 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 General considerations in using archaeological evidence in geomorphology 40 3.3 Archaeological tools 41 3.4 Legacy sediment 44 3.5 Using archaeological data: case studies 45 3.6 Conclusions 51 References 52 4 Using historical data in fluvial geomorphology 56 Robert C. Grabowski and Angela M. Gurnell 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 The documentary record 57 4.3 The cartographic record 63 4.4 The topographic record 66 4.5 The modern historical record: remote-sensing 69 4.6 Conclusion 71 Acknowledgements 71 References 71 Section III: The Spatial Framework: Emphasizing Spatial Structure and Nested Character of Fluvial Forms 5 System approaches in fluvial geomorphology 79 Herve Piegay 5.1 System, fluvial system, hydrosystem 79 5.2 Components of the fluvial system 83 5.3 Fluvial system, a conceptual tool for geomorphologists 84 5.4 Examples of applications 95 5.5 Conclusions 98 Acknowledgements 98 References 100 6 Analysis of aerial photography and other remotely sensed data for fluvial geomorphology and river science 103 David Gilvear and Robert Bryant 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 The physical basis 103 6.3 River geomorphology and in-channel processes 115 6.4 Floodplain geomorphology and fluvial processes 119 6.5 Conclusions 122 Acknowledgements 122 References 128 7 Geomorphic classification of rivers and streams 133 G. Mathias Kondolf, Herve Piegay, Laurent Schmitt and David R. Montgomery 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 Classifications for fluvial understanding 138 7.3 Interactions between geomorphic classifications and ecology 143 7.4 Geomorphic classification and quality of river environments 144 7.5 Applying geomorphic classification schemes to fluvial systems 148 Acknowledgements 153 References 153 8 Modelling catchment processes 159 Peter W. Downs and Rafael Real de Asua 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Approaches to catchment processes modelling 160 8.3 Conceptual models 160 8.4 Problem-centred interpretative models 161 8.5 Data-driven empirical models 163 8.6 Numerical models 164 8.7 Tools for developing a catchment process model: representation and accuracy considerations 168 Acknowledgements 174 References 175 Section IV: Chemical, Physical and Biological Evidence: Dating, Emphasizing Spatial Structure and Fluvial Processes 9 Using environmental radionuclides, mineral magnetism and sediment geochemistry for tracing and dating fine fluvial sediments 183 DesWalling and Ian Foster 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 The tools 183 9.3 Applications 187 9.4 Case study 200 9.5 The prospect 201 References 202 10 Vegetation as a tool in the interpretation of fluvial geomorphic processes and landforms 210 Cliff R. Hupp, Simon Dufour and Gudrun Bornette 10.1 Introduction 210 10.2 Scientific background: plant ecological fluvial geomorphic relations 210 10.3 Vegetation as a tool: an overview 211 10.4 Dendrogeomorphology in fluvial systems 216 10.5 Description of fluvial landforms through vegetation 220 10.6 Communities as an indicator of disturbance regime 223 10.7 Conclusions 225 References 226 Section V: Analysis of Processes and Forms: Water and Sediment Interactions 11 Channel form and adjustment: characterization, measurement, interpretation and analysis 237 Andrew Simon, Janine Castro and Massimo Rinaldi 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Characterization and measurement 237 11.3 Interpretation and analysis 249 11.4 Conclusions 254 References 254 12 Flow measurement and characterization 260 Peter J.Whiting 12.1 Introduction 260 12.2 Velocity measurement 260 12.3 Discharge measurements 265 12.4 Indirect methods of discharge estimation 270 12.5 Flow hydrographs and analysis of flow records 271 12.6 Issues in selecting methods 273 12.7 Conclusion 275 References 275 13 Measuring bed sediment 278 G. Mathias Kondolf andThomas E. Lisle 13.1 Introduction 278 13.2 Attributes and reporting of sediment size distributions 278 13.3 Particle shape and roundness 282 13.4 Surface versus subsurface layers in gravel bed rivers 283 13.5 Sampling sand and finer grained sediment 283 13.6 Sampling and describing the surface of gravel beds 284 13.7 Subsurface sampling methods 289 13.8 Sample size requirements 290 13.9 Comparability of pebble counts and bulk samples 293 13.10 Sampling strategy 293 13.11Applications of bed sediment sampling related to aquatic habitat 295 13.12Case study: determining changes in fine sediment content during flushing flows, Trinity River, California 297 13.13Case study: application of V* to French and Bear Creeks, California 298 13.14Conclusion: selecting an appropriate sampling method 299 Acknowledgement 302 References 302 14 Coarse particle tracing in fluvial geomorphology 306 Marwan A. Hassan and Andre G. Roy 14.1 Introduction 306 14.2 Tracing methods 312 14.3 Conclusion 319 Acknowledgements 319 References 319 15 Sediment transport 324 D. Murray Hicks and Basil Gomez 15.1 Introduction 324 15.2 Basic concepts 324 15.3 Suspended load sampling and monitoring 326 15.4 Bedload sampling, measurement and prediction 335 15.5 Total load 342 15.6 Estimating sediment yields from reservoir sedimentation 342 15.7 Key points for designing a sediment measurement programme a summary 343 15.8 Case example: sediment budget for Upper Clutha River, New Zealand 345 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 16 Sediment budgets as an organizing framework in fluvial geomorphology 357 Leslie M. Reid andThomas Dunne 16.1 Introduction 357 16.2 Understanding and assessing components of the sediment system 360 16.3 Designing a sediment budget 366 16.4 Examples 373 16.5 Conclusions 375 References 375 Section VI: Discriminating, Simulating and Modelling Processes and Trends 17 Models in fluvial geomorphology 383 Marco J. Van deWiel, Yannick Y. Rousseau and Stephen E. Darby 17.1 Introduction 383 17.2 Conceptual models 385 17.3 Statistical models 385 17.4 Analytical models 387 17.5 Numerical models 389 17.6 Use of remote sensing and GIS in fluvial geomorphological modelling 393 17.7 Physical models 394 17.8 Overview of the modelling process 394 17.9 Modelling applications in fluvial geomorphology 395 17.10Generic framework for fluvial geomorphological modelling applications 397 17.11Case study: meander dynamics 399 17.12Conclusion 402 Acknowledgements 403 References 403 18 Modelling flow, sediment transport and morphodynamics in rivers 412 Jonathan M. Nelson, Richard R. McDonald, Yasuyuki Shimizu, Ichiro Kimura, Mohamed Nabi and Kazutake Asahi 18.1 Introduction 412 18.2 Flow conservation laws 413 18.3 Sediment-transport relations 420 18.4 Numerical methods 421 18.5 One-dimensional models 422 18.6 Two-dimensional models 423 18.7 Three-dimensional models 426 18.8 Bank evolution models 432 18.9 Bedform models 432 18.10 Practical considerations 435 18.11Conclusions and future directions 439 References 439 19 Modelling fluvial morphodynamics 442 James E. Pizzuto 19.1 Introduction 442 19.2 Modelling longitudinal profiles 443 19.3 Modelling hydraulic geometry of rivers 445 19.4 Modelling channel planforms 447 19.5 Modelling floodplain sedimentation and erosion 450 19.6 Conclusion 451 References 452 20 Experimental studies and practical challenges in fluvial geomorphology 456 Francois Metivier, Chris Paola, Jessica L. Kozarek and Michal Tal 20.1 Introduction 456 20.2 Experimental methods and facilities 457 20.3 Example experimental studies 463 20.4 Scaling issues and application of experimental results 469 20.5 Additional areas for experimentation 470 20.6 Conclusion 472 Acknowledgements 472 References 472 21 Statistics and fluvial geomorphology 476 Herve Piegay and Lise Vaudor 21.1 Introduction 476 21.2 Bivariate statistics to explore patterns of forms and their 21.3 Exploration of datasets using multivariate statistics 482 21.4 Describing, explaining and predicting through probabilities and distributions 487 21.5 Describing, explaining and predicting variables in space and time 491 21.6 Relevance and limitations of statistical tools 496 21.7 Conclusion 502 Acknowledgements 503 References 503 Section VII: Conclusion: Applying the Tools 22 Integrating geomorphological tools to address practical problems in river management and restoration 509 Herve Piegay, G. Mathias Kondolf and David A. Sear 22.1 Introduction 509 22.2 Motivations for applying fluvial geomorphology 509 22.3 Meeting the demand: geomorphological training and application 510 22.4 The role of geomorphology in planning and management 511 22.5 Current geomorphological practices 512 22.6 Case study: preventing erosion risks, from top-down to bottom-up approaches 520 22.7 Case study: pre-appraisal approach for sediment reintroduction in the Rhine: evaluating risks of restoring processes 522 22.8 Case study: the River Wylye: a post-projectmonitoring framework to establish the performance of a range of rehabilitation schemes 524 22.9 Conclusion 527 Acknowledgements 529 References 529 Index 533

Back