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Contents

Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 The Importance of Rainwater Harvesting 1 Water Capital 2 A Brief History of Centralized Water Systems 6 New Approach to Centralization Decentralized Rainwater Systems 9 Examples from Around the World 11 India 11 Germany 13 The United States 16 Policy Issues and Sustainability 20 Water and Energy Savings 20 Response to Drought Conditions 23 Privatization and Relocation 25 Valuing Water Resources 25 History and Early Codes 25 Source 26 Value and Water Rates 27 Return on Investment 28 Challenges, Education, and Paradigm Shifts 34 Stereotypes and Preconceptions 34 Rainwater Technical Standard 34 Water Quality 35 Paradigm Shift 35 Endnotes 37 2 System Planning and Policies 39 Benefits That Drive Rainwater Harvesting Systems 39 Planning a System 40 Step 1: Identifying System Goals 46 Step 2: Codes, Standards, and Guidelines 49 Step 3: Incentive Programs and Rating Systems 63 Step 4: Educating and Involving the Stakeholders in the Design Process 71 Step 5: Putting It All Together 73 Endnotes 76 3 Water for Thirsty Buildings 79 Rainwater: Calculating Collection and Use 79 Step 1: Creating a Water Audit 82 Step 2: Calculating Annual Rainwater Supply 83 Step 3: Calculating Demand 89 Building Sectors, Sizes, and Demands 91 Small Office 91 Schools in Different Climate Regions 93 Step 4: Cistern Sizing 100 Alternative Water Sources 103 Other Wastewater and Recirculated Water 103 Plumbing Design and The Myth of Unlimited Water Supply 108 Thoughtful Planning Brings Success 111 Endnotes 113 4 System Elements 115 Integrated Approach 115 Opportunities for an Integrated Approach 117 1. Collection/Catchment Surface (Roof or Other) 118 2. Conveyance (Gutters and Downspouts) 123 Dry Conveyance versus Wet Conveyance 124 Sizing and Numbers 125 Aesthetics/Functions/Budget 126 Conveyance Functions 128 Conveyance Budget 128 3. Prestorage Filtration and Debris Exclusion 128 Prestorage Filter Types and Applications 128 Downspout Filters 130 Basket Filter 131 Centrifugal Filters 132 Cascading Debris Excluders 133 Prestorage Filtration Devises 134 Filter Sizes 134 How Components Help Merge the Goals of Rainwater and Stormwater 134 4. Storage 135 Aboveground Tanks 138 Belowground Tanks 139 Factors to Consider 140 5. Distribution 141 1. Pressurization 141 2. Filtration 141 3. Disinfection 143 4. Contoller 143 5. Automatic Protected Bypass 144 6. Makeup Supply 145 Integration, Thoughtful Planning, and Continuing Education Are the Keys to Success 147 Endnotes 149 5 Maintenance and Safety 151 Water Quality of a Rainwater System 151 Sources of Pollutants 155 Fate and Transport of Pollutants in a Rainwater Harvesting System 158 Microbial Contamination 162 Addressing Water Quality for Various End Uses 163 First Flush 164 Water Testing Protocols 169 Using a Bypass / Backup Water Supply 170 Maintenance Considerations 174 Case Studies Cautionary Tales and Pilot Projects for Potable Water Systems 174 Summary of Design Recommendations 177 Conclusion 186 Endnotes 192 6 21st-Century Interviews 195 Stan Abbott 196 John Apostolopoulos 200 Alf Brandt 205 Bob Drew 209 Nicole Holmes 212 Bill Hunt 216 Lutz Johnen 222 Heather Kinkade 227 Kevin Kirsche 230 Billy Kniffen 233 Dennis Lye, PhD 237 Shawn Martin 245 Neal Shapiro 251 David Stooksbury 256 Dave Viola 259 Endnote 261 Appendix A 263 Appendix B 277 Index 283

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