The attacks of September 11, 2001, inaugurated a new global era of counterterrorism policy and activity, led by the United States. Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century analyzes the most significant dimensions of combating terrorism, including considerations of strategic and tactical issues (hard power, soft power, and counterintelligence); the need to thwart sources and facilitators (weak governments, ill-conceived foreign policy, and trafficking in drugs, guns, and humans); and the incorporation of lessons learned thus far from combating terrorism around the globe.
Since the dawn of the new millennium, combating terrorism has become a primary focus of security professionals throughout the world. The attacks of September 11, 2001, inaugurated a new global era of counterterrorism policy and activity, led by the United States, while many countries-from Algeria and Spain to Sri Lanka and Indonesia-have redoubled their efforts to combat their own indigenous terrorism threats. In the Unites States, the counterterrorism goals identified in the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism (2006) can only be achieved through significant multinational cooperation. These goals are to advance effective democracies as the long-term antidote to the ideologies of terrorism; to prevent attacks by terrorist networks; to deny terrorists the support and sanctuary of rogue states; to deny terrorists control of any nation they would use as a base and launching pad for terror; and to lay the foundations and build the institutions and structures we need to carry the fight forward against terror and help ensure our ultimate success.
At this point in the development of the global counterterrorism efforts, it is particularly important to pause for reflection on a number of critical questions.
What do we know about effectively countering terrorism?
What are the characteristics of successful or unsuccessful counterterrorism campaigns?
What do we need to learn in order to do this better?
Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century addresses these and related questions, contributing to national security policy as well as to our understanding of the terrorist threat and how it can be defeated. Volume 1: Strategic and Tactical Considerations examines issues of hard power, soft power, and intelligence/counterintelligence. Volume 2: Sources and Facilitators covers state failure, border controls, democracy promotion, networks and trade and trafficking, and societal issues. Volume 3: Lessons Learned from Combating Terrorism and Insurgency includes case studies of counterterrorism operations (e.g., the hijacking of the Achille Lauro, the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, and the capture of key terrorist suspects like Ramzi Youssef and Khalid Sheikh Mohamad); and case studies of long-term efforts to combat terrorism (e.g., the Basques in Spain, the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, Israel's struggle against Palestinian terror organizations, Peru and Sendero Luminoso, and Japan and Aum Shinrikyo).
Volume I
:Editors Note
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Strategic and Tactical Considerations: An Introduction
PART I: STRATEGIC AND POLICY DIMENSIONS
2. U.S. Grand Strategy for Countering Islamist Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century
3. Thinking Strategically: Can Democracy Defeat Terrorism?
4. Twenty-First Century Insurgencies: Understanding the Use of Terrorism as a Strategy
5. Developing and Implementing Counterterrorism Policy in a Liberal Democracy
6. Morality, Ethics and Law in the Global War on Terrorism (the Long War)
7. The Critical Role of Interagency Cooperation in Combating Suicide Bombings
8. The U.S. Government's Counterterrorism Research and Development Programs
PART II: HARD POWER
9. National Objectives in the Hands of Junior Leaders
10. Engaging Military Contractors in Counterterrorism Operations
11. Manhunting: A Process to Find Persons of National Interest
12. Guerilla Warfare and Law Enforcement: Combating the 21st Century Terrorist Cell Within the United States
13. Combating Terror in U.S. Communities: The SWAT Mission
PART III: SOFT POWER
14. Denying Terrorists Sanctuary through Civil Military Operations
15. Battlefronts in the War of Ideas
16. The Centrality of Ideology in Counter-Terrorism Strategies in the Middle East
17. Public Diplomacy as Strategic Communication
18. Cyber Mobilization: The Neglected Aspect of Information Operations and Counterinsurgency Doctrine
19. The Key Role of Psychological Operations in Countering Terrorism
PART IV: INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
20. The Contemporary Challenges of Counterterrorism Intelligence
21. Multinational Intelligence Cooperation
22. Intelligence Coordination and Counterterrorism: A European Perspective
23. Coping with Terrorism: Lessons Learned from the Israeli Secret Services
24. Facilitating Interagency Communication and Open Source Intelligence for Counterterrorism
25. Al Qaidas Surveillance Offensive Against America, 1997-2001: Implications for U.S. Homeland Countersurveillance
26. Forecasting Terrorist Groups Warfare: Conventional to CBRN
Appendix A: National Security Strategy of the United States
Appendix B: National Strategy for Combating Terrorism
Notes
Select Bibliography and Resources for Further Reading
Index
About the Editor and Contributors
Volume II
:Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Combating the Sources and Facilitators of Terrorism: An Introduction
PART I: GOVERNMENTS AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
2. Combating State Sponsors of Terrorism
3. The Democratic Deficit: The Need for Liberal Democratization
4. The Role of Democratization in Reducing the Appeal of Extremist Groups in North Africa and the Middle East
5. Authoritarian and Corrupt Governments
6. The Failed State
7. Border Controls and State Insecurity
PART II: CRIMINAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS
8. Combating the International Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons
9. Terrorism Finance: Global Responses to the Terrorism Money Trail
10. Organized Criminal Networks and Terrorism
11. The Global Drug Trade and its Nexus to Terrorism
12. Afghanistans Transformation to a Narco-Terrorist State: An Economic Perspective
13. The Shadow Economy and Terrorist Infrastructure
14. International Energy Dependence: Facilitator and Vulnerability
15. Red Sky in the Morning: The Nexus between International Maritime Piracy and Transnational Terrorism
16. Understanding and Countering the Motives and Methods of Warlords
PART III: SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGIC INFLUENCE
17. Responding to Psychological, Social, Economic and Political Roots of Terrorism
18. Suicide, Homicide or Martyrdom: Whats in a Name?
19. Understanding and Combating Education for Martyrdom
20. Terrorism and New Media: The Cyber-Battlespace
21. Cry Terror and Let Slip the Media Dogs
22. Terror TV? An Exploration Of Hizbollahs Al-Manar Television
23. Socio-Cultural, Economic and Demographic Aspects of Counterterrorism
PART IV: U.S. RESPONSES TO THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
24. Terrorism, Insurgency and Afghanistan
25. Fighting al Qaida: Understanding the Organizational, Ideological, and Financial Aspects of a Global Network of Terror
26. Iraq in the 21st Century
27. The Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Initiative: Americas New Commitment to Africa
28. Values, Emotions and the Global War on Terror
Appendix: The United Nations Global Counterterrorism Strategy
Notes
Select Bibliography and Resources for Further Reading
Index
About the Editor and Contributors
Volume III
:Preface
Acknowledgments
1. An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Counterterrorism
2. Educating the Next Generation of Counterterrorism Professionals
PART I: CASE STUDIES OF TERRORIST ATTACKS AND COUNTERTERRORISM
OPERATIONS
3. Beginning of a War: The United States and the Hijacking of TWA Flight 847
4. The Achille Lauro Hijacking
5. The February 1993 Attack on the World Trade Center
6. Insurgent Seizure of an Urban Area: Grozny, 1996
7.
